Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage: the role of the radiologist

Acute gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage is a frequent and potentially life threatening medical presentation, the management of which depends on more than one speciality. Upper GI haemorrhage is often treated by endoscopic methods, failing which radiological intervention or surgery are the alternative methods of treatment. Radiology is crucial both in the diagnosis and treatment of lower GI haemorrhage, where the role of endoscopy is limited by poor visibility. CT angiography is now the first line investigation of choice and catheter angiography is used as a prelude to intervention. Interventional radiological techniques for treatment include embolisation for both upper and lower GI arterial haemorrhage and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting for upper GI variceal haemorrhage refractory to endoscopic treatment.