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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

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Iron oxyhydroxide colloid formation by gamma-radiolysis.

P A Yakabuskie1, J M Joseph, P Keech

  • 1Department of Chemistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|March 15, 2011
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Gamma irradiation of iron(II) sulfate solutions produces uniform colloidal iron oxyhydroxide (γ-FeOOH) nanoparticles. Particle size and dendritic structure formation are controlled by irradiation time and solution conditions, leading to a narrow size distribution.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Radiochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Gamma irradiation is a method for synthesizing nanoparticles.
  • Controlling nanoparticle size and morphology is crucial for their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and growth of colloidal γ-FeOOH particles using gamma irradiation.
  • To understand the factors influencing particle size distribution and morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Deaerated aqueous solutions of FeSO(4) were subjected to gamma irradiation.
  • Particle formation and growth were monitored at varying irradiation times and initial Fe(2+) concentrations.
  • Particle size and morphology were characterized.

Main Results:

  • Uniform-sized colloidal γ-FeOOH particles were formed.
  • Spherical particles (<10 nm) formed at short irradiation times or low [Fe(2+)](0).
  • Dendritic structures (∼60 nm) formed with longer irradiation, exhibiting a narrow size distribution regulated by redox conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma irradiation provides a controlled method for synthesizing γ-FeOOH nanoparticles.
  • Particle nucleation and growth kinetics are governed by radiolytic oxidation and solution chemistry.
  • The final particle size is determined by steady-state redox conditions at the aqueous-solid interface.