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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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[Limbic encephalitis up to date].

Morinobu Seki1, Shigeaki Suzuki, Norihiro Suzuki

  • 1Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an inflammatory brain disorder increasingly recognized due to neuroimaging and antibody discoveries. Different LE types, categorized by cause and antibody targets, show varying treatment responses.

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Published on: November 23, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Limbic encephalitis (LE) involves inflammation of brain regions like the hippocampus and amygdala.
  • Advances in neuroimaging and antibody identification have expanded the understanding of LE.
  • LE is now considered more prevalent than previously thought.

Purpose:

  • To categorize Limbic encephalitis (LE) into distinct etiological and immunological groups.
  • To differentiate LE based on antibody targets (intracellular vs. cell-membrane antigens).
  • To correlate LE subtypes with underlying causes and treatment responsiveness.

Summary:

  • LE is classified into five categories: viral infection, autoantibody-mediated, autoimmune disease-associated, drug-induced, and pregnancy-related.
  • Antibodies targeting intracellular antigens often correlate with cancer and poorer treatment outcomes.
  • LE associated with cell-membrane antibodies (e.g., NMDAR, AMPAR) generally responds better to immunotherapy and antitumor treatments.

Impact:

  • Provides a framework for classifying and understanding diverse etiologies of Limbic encephalitis.
  • Highlights the prognostic significance of antibody targets in LE.
  • Informs therapeutic strategies by linking specific LE subtypes to treatment efficacy.