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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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[Acute non-herpetic encephalitides].

Satoshi Kamei1, Masayuki Minami, Naoto Taira

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Acute juvenile female non-herpetic encephalitis (AJFNHE) and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis are nearly identical conditions. Both involve specific clinical features and anti-NMDAR antibodies, suggesting a unified understanding of these encephalitides.

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Published on: November 23, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Context:

  • Acute non-herpetic encephalitis encompasses various forms, including acute juvenile female non-herpetic encephalitis (AJFNHE).
  • Early reports identified AJFNHE in young women with severe symptoms but good recovery.
  • Distinct clinical features and frequent anti-glutamate receptor (GluR) antibody detection characterized these patients.

Purpose:

  • To analyze clinical features of AJFNHE and compare them with other encephalitides.
  • To investigate the relationship between AJFNHE and anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
  • To establish a unified understanding of these related neurological conditions.

Summary:

  • AJFNHE, initially defined by clinical presentation in young women, shares significant overlap with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
  • A nationwide survey in Japan suggests AJFNHE and anti-NMDAR encephalitis are essentially the same condition.
  • AJFNHE is a clinical concept, while anti-NMDAR encephalitis is defined by neuro-oncological findings and specific antibodies.

Impact:

  • Reclassifies AJFNHE as a specific entity within the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Highlights the importance of NMDAR antibodies in diagnosing and understanding specific encephalitis forms.
  • Facilitates a more unified diagnostic and therapeutic approach for patients with these conditions.