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Related Concept Videos

Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

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Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite
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Published on: March 11, 2020

Spacecraft instrument technology and cosmochemistry.

Harry Y McSween1, Ralph L McNutt, Thomas H Prettyman

  • 1Planetary Geosciences Institute and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA. mcsween@utk.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spacecraft instruments advance cosmochemistry by adapting lab tech for space missions. Three examples show how these tools reveal planetary composition, from Mars rocks to Titan

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmochemistry
  • Planetary Science
  • Space Instrumentation

Background:

  • Spacecraft missions necessitate miniaturized, low-power scientific instruments.
  • Adapting laboratory analytical techniques for spaceflight is crucial for data collection.
  • Cosmochemical analysis from orbit and planetary surfaces provides key insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of adapted flight instruments in advancing cosmochemistry.
  • To present specific examples of successful cosmochemical measurements from space missions.

Main Methods:

  • Deployment of Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers (APXS) on Mars Exploration Rovers.
  • Utilization of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the Lunar Prospector orbiter.
  • Analysis using the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) aboard the Cassini spacecraft.

Main Results:

  • APXS data revealed the composition of Martian volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
  • GRS provided global element abundance data, enhancing understanding of the Moon's crust.
  • INMS analyzed the chemical makeup of Titan's atmosphere and Enceladus's plumes.

Conclusions:

  • Adapted flight instruments are vital for in-situ and remote cosmochemical analysis.
  • These instruments have yielded significant discoveries about Mars, the Moon, Titan, and Enceladus.
  • Technological adaptation for space missions directly drives progress in planetary science.