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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Finite-temperature magnetism in bcc Fe under compression.

Xianwei Sha¹, R E Cohen

¹Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|March 16, 2011

Summary

Finite-temperature magnetic fluctuations significantly impact the thermodynamic properties of body-centered cubic iron (bcc Fe). Accounting for these fluctuations improves theoretical predictions of thermal expansion, enhancing accuracy for materials science applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Computational Materials Science

Background:

Understanding the thermodynamic properties of iron (Fe) is crucial for materials science.
Finite-temperature magnetic fluctuations are known to influence material properties but require accurate modeling.
Previous models often neglect these dynamic magnetic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of finite-temperature magnetic fluctuations on the thermodynamic properties of body-centered cubic iron (bcc Fe).
To examine these effects under varying pressure conditions.
To improve the agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data.

Main Methods:

Utilized a tight-binding total-energy model, parameterized using first-principles linearized augmented plane-wave computations.
Examined ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, and noncollinear spin spiral states at zero temperature.
Fit tight-binding data to a generalized Heisenberg Hamiltonian and employed Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Results:

Calculated magnetic susceptibility, Curie temperature, heat capacity, and magnetic free energy.
Demonstrated that including finite-temperature magnetism enhances agreement with experimental thermal expansion coefficients.
Quantified the pressure dependence of magnetic fluctuations and their thermodynamic contributions.

Conclusions:

Finite-temperature magnetic fluctuations play a significant role in the thermodynamic behavior of bcc Fe.
The applied computational approach provides a more accurate description of iron's properties.
This study offers improved theoretical insights for predicting material behavior under pressure.