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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Nuclear reprogramming in zygotes.

Chanchao Lorthongpanich1, Davor Solter, Chin Yan Lim

  • 1Mammalian Development Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.

The International Journal of Developmental Biology
|March 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can reprogram cells using oocytes or zygotes. Zygotes, previously considered poor recipients, show potential for nuclear reprogramming, warranting further investigation into factors influencing success.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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Published on: November 30, 2006

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Visualizing Zygotic Genome Activation In Single Cells of Early Embryos
07:30

Visualizing Zygotic Genome Activation In Single Cells of Early Embryos

Published on: April 3, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Nuclear reprogramming converts differentiated cells to an embryonic state.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a highly effective reprogramming method.
  • Mature oocytes are efficient SCNT recipients, while zygotes have been historically less successful.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate zygotes as recipients for SCNT-mediated nuclear reprogramming.
  • To explore factors influencing the success of nuclear reprogramming in zygotes.
  • To gain insights into the mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) into enucleated zygotes.
  • Investigation of enucleation techniques and embryonic cell cycle phases.
  • Comparative analysis of reprogramming efficiency between oocytes and zygotes.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies indicate that zygote enucleation methods and embryo cell cycle phase affect reprogramming success.
  • Zygotes demonstrate potential as nuclear recipients for SCNT.
  • Factors influencing zygote reprogramming capacity provide mechanistic insights.

Conclusions:

  • Zygotes warrant further exploration as recipients for SCNT.
  • Optimizing enucleation and considering cell cycle phase are crucial for zygote-based SCNT.
  • Understanding zygote reprogramming mechanisms can advance the field of nuclear reprogramming.