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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Exploring refined conditions for reprogramming cells by recombinant Oct4 protein.

Marc Thier1, Bernhard Münst, Frank Edenhofer

  • 1Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn - Life and Brain Center and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany.

The International Journal of Developmental Biology
|March 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Generating transgene-free induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is crucial for clinical safety. This study enhances protein transduction efficiency for Oct4 delivery, enabling robust iPS cell generation without genetic modification.

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The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System
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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
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Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System
08:24

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Published on: February 28, 2017

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts
13:23

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Published on: February 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer patient-specific cell sources without embryos.
  • Classical iPS generation involves genetic manipulation, posing tumor formation risks.
  • Transgene-free iPS derivation methods are needed for clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve protein transduction efficiency for generating transgene-free iPS cells.
  • To optimize conditions for enhanced protein stabilization and intracellular delivery.
  • To demonstrate Oct4 protein delivery as a viable alternative to viral methods.

Main Methods:

  • Development of cell-permeant Oct4 and Sox2 proteins.
  • Exploration of conditions for enhanced protein stabilization and delivery.
  • Delivery of optimized Oct4 protein into somatic cells for reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Optimized Oct4 protein delivery achieved iPS derivation efficacy comparable to viral methods.
  • Successful generation of transgene-free iPS cells using protein transduction.
  • Reprogramming efficiency was dependent on Oct4 protein dose and exposure duration.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced protein transduction offers a controlled method for transgene-free iPS cell generation.
  • This approach facilitates the analysis of reprogramming mechanisms.
  • The system provides a valuable tool for deriving clinically applicable iPS cells.