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Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Archival Research01:40

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
Ethical Standards II01:23

Ethical Standards II

Ethical standards are the backbone of nursing practice, guiding nurses as they interact with patients, families, and colleagues. These standards are crucial for providing safe, empathetic care centered on the patient's needs.
Nurses are entrusted with upholding various ethical principles and standards. Nurses forge solid therapeutic relationships using trust, empathy, autonomy, confidentiality, and professional competence.
Confidentiality is crucial, embodying respect for individual privacy and...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
07:48

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

Paper use in research ethics applications and study conduct.

Abhijoy Chakladar1, Sue Eckstein, Stuart M White

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust. abhijoy.chakladar@gmail.com

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medical research ethics applications generate significant paper waste, contributing to environmental impact. Adopting digital solutions can reduce paper consumption and the carbon footprint of research processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Medical Research Ethics

Background:

  • Medical research applications and conduct are paper-intensive.
  • Ethics committees play a crucial role in research approval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify paper consumption in the Research Ethics Committee (REC) process.
  • To estimate the environmental impact, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, of paper use in medical research.
  • To identify potential areas for reduction in paper consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of all REC applications over one year at a single REC in Southern England.
  • Estimation of total paper mass (sheets and kg) used for REC applications and study conduct.
  • Calculation of carbon dioxide emissions and equivalent tree felling based on paper consumption.

Main Results:

  • In 2009, 68 trials were submitted, consuming 176,150 A4 sheets (879 kg) of paper.
  • This equates to an estimated 11.5 million sheets (88 tonnes) annually for the UK, impacting 2100 trees.
  • The REC process itself accounted for 26.4% of the total paper consumption.

Conclusions:

  • REC applications and research conduct have a substantial environmental impact due to paper consumption.
  • This contributes to the National Health Service's (NHS) carbon footprint.
  • Implementing digital technologies and revised research methods, alongside attitudinal shifts, can significantly reduce paper use.