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Fermi Level

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
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Simple Pendulum

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Physical Pendulum

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Pendulum in a Fermi liquid.

Timo H Virtanen¹, Erkki Thuneberg

¹Department of Physics, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.

Physical Review Letters

|March 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Landau's Fermi-liquid theory explains interacting many-body systems. This study applies it to calculate the Landau force, revealing that a pendulum's oscillation frequency increases when immersed in a Fermi liquid, as seen in Helium-3 and Helium-4 mixtures.

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum fluid dynamics

Background:

Landau's Fermi-liquid theory is a foundational model for understanding interacting many-body systems.
The theory describes the low-energy excitations of interacting fermions as quasiparticles.

Purpose of the Study:

To extend Fermi-liquid theory to calculate the Landau force acting on macroscopic objects.
To investigate the impact of Fermi liquid immersion on the dynamics of a macroscopic oscillator.

Main Methods:

Application of Landau's Fermi-liquid theory for calculating the Landau force.
Analysis of the oscillation frequency of a pendulum immersed in a Fermi liquid.

Main Results:

The study successfully calculated the Landau force on a macroscopic object using Fermi-liquid theory.
A significant increase in the oscillation frequency of a pendulum immersed in a Fermi liquid was demonstrated.
Experimental evidence supporting this phenomenon was observed in mixtures of Helium-3 and Helium-4.

Conclusions:

Fermi-liquid theory provides a framework for understanding forces on macroscopic objects in quantum fluids.
The observed increase in oscillation frequency highlights a novel effect of Fermi liquid interactions on mechanical systems.