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Related Concept Videos

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor01:25

Magnetic Force On A Current-Carrying Conductor

Moving charges experience a force in a magnetic field. Since the magnetic fields produced by moving charges are proportional to the current, a conductor carrying a current creates a magnetic field around it.
Consider a compass placed near a current-carrying wire. The wire experiences a force that aligns the needle of the compass tangentially around the wire. Thus, the current-carrying wire produces concentric circular loops of magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by a wire can be...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Compressive surface stress in magnetic transition metals.

M P J Punkkinen1, S K Kwon, J Kollár

  • 1Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Surface magnetism in 3d metals like chromium and manganese can lead to compressive surface stress, challenging the usual tensile stress expectation. This is due to enhanced magnetic moments at the surface compared to the bulk material.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Metal surfaces typically exhibit tensile surface stress due to increased electron density.
  • Surface stress is a critical property influencing material behavior and stability.
  • Understanding surface stress is essential for designing advanced materials and devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of surface magnetism on surface stress in 3d metals.
  • To challenge the conventional understanding of surface stress in metals.
  • To explore the relationship between surface magnetism and surface stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing first-principles density functional calculations.
  • Investigating the electronic and magnetic properties of metal surfaces.
  • Analyzing the surface stress of thermodynamically stable surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that surface magnetism can alter surface stress in magnetic 3d metals.
  • Identified chromium and manganese surfaces exhibiting compressive surface stress.
  • Correlated compressive surface stress with enhanced magnetic moments at the surface layer.

Conclusions:

  • Surface magnetism plays a crucial role in determining surface stress in certain metals.
  • The common expectation of tensile surface stress does not hold for magnetic 3d metals with altered surface magnetism.
  • Enhanced surface magnetic moments are responsible for the observed compressive surface stress.