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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Single-file diffusion of externally driven particles.

Artem Ryabov1, Petr Chvosta

  • 1Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ-180 00 Praha, Czech Republic. rjabov.a@gmail.com

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We solved the diffusion of interacting Brownian particles under external forces. Hard-core interactions create entropic repulsion, affecting particle energy, work, and heat compared to non-interacting particles.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Brownian motion describes particle diffusion influenced by random forces.
  • Hard-core interactions prevent particles from occupying the same space, leading to repulsion.
  • Non-equilibrium systems are driven away from thermodynamic equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an exact solution for N-particle Smoluchowski diffusion under external forces.
  • To analyze the non-equilibrium energetics of two interacting Brownian particles.
  • To investigate the impact of hard-core interactions on particle behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Exact solution of the N-particle Smoluchowski diffusion equation.
  • Analysis of time-dependent external forces (space- and time-dependent).
  • Investigation of time-periodic driving for two interacting particles.

Main Results:

  • Exact solutions for one-dimensional diffusion of N hard-core interacting Brownian particles.
  • Demonstration of entropic repulsion due to hard-core interactions.
  • Asymptotic results for mean energy, accepted work, heat, and entropy production.

Conclusions:

  • Hard-core interactions significantly alter the energetics of diffusing particles.
  • Interacting particles exhibit distinct thermodynamic behavior compared to non-interacting ones.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding driven soft matter systems.