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Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Bubbling in vibrated granular films.

Piroz Zamankhan1

  • 1Faculty of Industrial, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Sciences, University of Iceland, Hjardarhagi 2-6, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. piroz@hi.is

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a model for dense granular media flow, revealing bubble formation in shaken granular films. Bubble interfaces exhibit fractal structures, appearing above a critical acceleration threshold.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dense granular media flow is complex, influenced by both particle collisions and friction.
  • Understanding intermediate flow regimes is crucial for predicting granular material behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general model for dense granular media flow dynamics in air.
  • To investigate bubble and structure formation in vertically shaken granular films.
  • To validate the model using experimental and simulation data.

Main Methods:

  • Combined theoretical investigation, computer simulations, and experimental analysis.
  • Developed a general model for granular flow dynamics.
  • Performed large-scale, three-dimensional simulations of shaken granular films.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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  • Conducted experiments on vertically shaken granular films to produce bubbles and structures.

    • Main Results:

    • A general model for dense granular media flow was successfully developed and validated.
    • Bubble formation was observed in granular films when peak acceleration exceeded a critical value (Γ(b)).
    • Air-grain interfaces of the bubblelike structures displayed a fractal structure with a dimension of D=1.7±0.05.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed model accurately describes the flow dynamics of dense granular media in an intermediate regime.
    • The study provides critical insights into the conditions and characteristics of bubble formation in granular systems.
    • The fractal nature of bubble interfaces suggests complex interfacial dynamics within the granular film.