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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

Experiments on the morphology of icicles.

Antony Szu-Han Chen1, Stephen W Morris

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Icicle growth and shape were studied in lab experiments. Results show icicles don't always reach predicted self-similar shapes, sometimes forming unusual patterns like branching and upward-climbing ripples.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Icicles form from dripping water below freezing.
  • Ice growth depends on latent heat transfer.
  • Theoretical models predict self-similar icicle shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate icicle shape evolution under controlled conditions.
  • Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions.
  • Analyze factors influencing icicle morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory experiments growing icicles under controlled conditions.
  • Image analysis to track icicle shape changes.
  • Varying water purity and environmental parameters.

Main Results:

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  • Observed deviations from predicted self-similar shapes.
  • Identified unpredicted nonuniformities like tip branching.
  • Noted upward-climbing ripples on the ice-water interface.
  • Pure water icicles showed greater self-similarity than tap water icicles.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical self-similar shapes are not always achieved.
  • Icicle formation can lead to complex, unpredicted morphologies.
  • Water purity influences the degree of self-similarity in icicles.