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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Targeting HIV: past, present and future.

Michèle D Zeier1, Jean B Nachega

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow 7505, Cape Town, South Africa. mdz@sun.ac.za

Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes the evolution of antiviral drugs targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication to delay acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression. It covers older, newer, and investigational compounds and their mechanisms of action.

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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
12:03

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Published on: September 5, 2016

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • Antiviral drug development aims to inhibit HIV replication and slow disease progression.
  • A range of therapeutic compounds has been developed since HIV identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of action of different classes of antiviral drugs targeting HIV.
  • To provide an overview of established, lesser-used, and recently approved HIV medications.
  • To highlight potential future therapeutic agents currently under investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications and drug databases.
  • Analysis of drug mechanisms of action against HIV replication.
  • Categorization of antiviral compounds based on their therapeutic class and development stage.

Main Results:

  • Multiple drug classes effectively inhibit HIV replication through diverse mechanisms.
  • Significant advancements in HIV treatment have been made, with new drugs offering improved efficacy and tolerability.
  • Several novel compounds are in development, showing promise for future HIV management.

Conclusions:

  • The landscape of HIV therapeutics has evolved significantly, offering various options for managing the virus.
  • Understanding drug mechanisms is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and combating drug resistance.
  • Ongoing research into new antiviral compounds holds promise for further improving outcomes for individuals living with HIV.