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Related Concept Videos

Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...

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Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
09:37

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Genomic inflation factors under polygenic inheritance.

Jian Yang1, Michael N Weedon, Shaun Purcell

  • 1Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. jian.yang@qimr.edu.au

European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genomic inflation in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is expected even without population structure, driven by polygenic inheritance. Factors like sample size and heritability influence its magnitude, aligning with height study observations.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Statistical Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Population structure can lead to false positives in genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
  • Genomic control methods are typically used to adjust for population stratification and cryptic relatedness.
  • Previous GWAS have indicated widespread genetic variation for complex traits, suggesting potential genomic inflation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expected genomic inflation in GWAS in the absence of population structure.
  • To determine the factors influencing genomic inflation under polygenic inheritance.
  • To validate theoretical predictions with empirical data.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of genomic inflation.
  • Computer simulations to assess inflation under various genetic architectures.
  • Analysis of real-world GWAS data, including height trait studies.

Main Results:

  • Substantial genomic inflation is theoretically expected due to polygenic inheritance, even without population structure.
  • The degree of inflation is influenced by sample size, heritability, linkage disequilibrium, and the number of causal variants.
  • Model predictions align with observed inflation in large-scale height GWAS datasets.

Conclusions:

  • Polygenic inheritance is a significant driver of genomic inflation in GWAS.
  • Current methods for assessing population structure may not fully account for inflation caused by complex genetic architectures.
  • Further refinement of GWAS analytical methods is needed to accurately interpret genomic inflation.