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Related Concept Videos

The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Retinoblastoma presenting as metastasis.

Muhammad Arif1, Zafar Iqbal, Zia-ul-Islam

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. arifmdn@yahoo.com

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
|March 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Twenty-five percent of retinoblastoma patients presented with metastasis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent extraocular spread of this eye cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Oncology

Background:

  • Retinoblastoma is a malignant intraocular tumor of childhood.
  • Metastatic retinoblastoma significantly impacts prognosis and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of metastatic retinoblastoma at initial presentation.
  • To identify factors associated with extraocular spread.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study was conducted over four years at a Supra Regional Centre for Retinoblastoma.
  • Eighty retinoblastoma patients underwent examination under anesthesia, CT scans, and histopathological confirmation.
  • Data collection focused on initial presentation and tumor assessment.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-five percent (20/80) of patients presented with metastasis.

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Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
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Published on: August 4, 2011

Utilization of Ultrasound Guided Tissue-directed Cellular Implantation for the Establishment of Biologically Relevant Metastatic Tumor Xenografts
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  • The mean age of metastatic cases was 3.5 years (range: 7 months to 12 years).
  • Metastatic presentation was strongly associated with lower socioeconomic status (90%).

    • Conclusions:

    • Delayed diagnosis, advanced age, and unilateral disease are linked to extraocular spread.
    • Early detection and timely implementation of treatment plans are vital for preventing metastasis.
    • Addressing socioeconomic factors may aid in early retinoblastoma diagnosis.