Human trophoblast-derived exosomal fibronectin induces pro-inflammatory IL-1β production by macrophages

PROBLEM  Our previous studies demonstrated that trophoblast-derived exosomes induced synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages. The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanism and receptors associated with this induction. METHOD OF STUDY  Exosomes were isolated from Sw71 trophoblast-conditioned media by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. Using macrophages isolated from normal donors, cytochalasin D was used to block exosome uptake. Induction of IL-1β mRNA was investigated by qRT-PCR, pro-IL-1β protein by western immunoblotting, and mature IL-1β release by ELISA. RGD peptides were used to block fibronectin binding by macrophage α5β1 integrin. RESULTS  Uptake of exosomes by macrophages was completely blocked by pre-treatment with cytochalasin D. Although induction of some cytokines (such as C4A and CCL11) requires uptake, induction of IL-1β occurred without exosome internalization. Cytochalasin D treatment did not inhibit exosome-mediated induction of IL-1β mRNA, production of the pro-protein, or release of mature IL-1β. Blocking of fibronectin binding using RGD peptides demonstrated the abrogation of exosome-mediated IL-1β production. CONCLUSION  Although trophoblast-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to induce IL-1β, this is the first demonstration of IL-1β induction by exosome-associated fibronectin. Based on this pro-inflammatory role of exosome-associated fibronectin, it may represent an important general immunoregulatory mechanism.