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Related Concept Videos

Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining, normally used to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

ALS - Motor Neuron Disease: Mechanism and Development of New Therapies
15:48

ALS - Motor Neuron Disease: Mechanism and Development of New Therapies

Published on: July 29, 2007

Introducing Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Vincenzo Silani, Vincent Meininger, Francesco Fornai

    Archives Italiennes De Biologie
    |March 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research is redefining motor neuron selectivity, revealing broader systemic effects beyond the central nervous system. Integrating basic, preclinical, and clinical knowledge is crucial for developing effective ALS therapies.

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    ALS - Motor Neuron Disease: Mechanism and Development of New Therapies
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    Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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    Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
    08:59

    Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

    Published on: July 16, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Pathology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is traditionally defined by motor neuron loss, but recent findings reveal systemic alterations in non-motor systems like skin, liver, and bone marrow.
    • While motor neuron degeneration remains central, the involvement of extraneural tissues necessitates a broader understanding of ALS pathophysiology.

    Discussion:

    • The study emphasizes the need to redefine motor neuron selectivity in ALS, considering the widespread impact on multiple organ systems.
    • Investigating non-motor neuron involvement and extraneural pathology offers new perspectives for understanding ALS causes and progression.

    Key Insights:

    • Preclinical data suggest current therapeutic strategies for ALS may require modification based on a more comprehensive understanding of the disease.
    • Altered cell-to-cell communication pathways are emerging as critical areas for future research in ALS.

    Outlook:

    • Translating basic science findings into clinical practice requires integrating diverse knowledge streams to develop novel therapeutic approaches for ALS.
    • Future research should focus on understanding the interplay between central and peripheral systems in ALS to advance treatment strategies.