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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

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Evaluation of Hemisphere Lateralization with Bilateral Local Field Potential Recording in Secondary Motor Cortex of Mice
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Clinical neurophysiology in ALS.

Maurizio Inghilleri1, Elisa Iacovelli

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy. maurizio.inghilleri@uniroma1.it

Archives Italiennes De Biologie
|March 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Clinical neurophysiology is crucial for diagnosing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron disease. Electrophysiological tests aid in diagnosis, tracking disease progression, and potentially measuring treatment response.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron disease with limited diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Accurate diagnosis and management of ALS are challenging due to the lack of specific biological markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of clinical neurophysiologic tests in the diagnosis and management of ALS.
  • To discuss the advantages, limitations, and future directions of various electrophysiological methods in ALS research.

Main Methods:

  • Nerve conduction studies (ENG) to assess axonal excitability and degeneration.
  • Needle electromyography (EMG) for evaluating lower motor neuron involvement.
  • Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) to quantify motor unit loss.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess upper motor neuron system involvement.

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Main Results:

  • ENG measures axonal degeneration, while EMG identifies lower motor neuron abnormalities like fibrillation potentials and abnormal motor unit potentials.
  • EMG can reveal signs of nerve sprouting, such as large macro-motor unit potentials (MUPs).
  • MUNE is sensitive to motor neuron loss and disease progression, making it valuable for clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Electrophysiological tests, guided by Awaji-shima consensus and revised El Escorial Criteria, are essential for ALS diagnosis.
  • Neurophysiological methods provide critical insights into ALS pathophysiology, progression, and potential therapeutic responses.
  • Further research in neurophysiology is needed to advance ALS diagnosis and treatment.