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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Nozzle Analysis: Mach Number and Converging-diverging Nozzle
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Non-surgical interventions for convergence insufficiency.

Mitchell Scheiman1, Jane Gwiazda, Tianjing Li

  • 1Pennsylvania College of Optometry, 1200 West Godfrey Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 19141.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|March 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Outpatient vision therapy is more effective for convergence insufficiency in children than home exercises. Evidence for adult effectiveness of non-surgical interventions remains inconsistent, with some suggesting prism glasses may help symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder characterized by outward eye drift during near work.
  • Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, double vision, and reading difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on non-surgical treatments for convergence insufficiency.
  • To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of various interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE up to October 2010.
  • Included RCTs comparing interventions against placebo, no treatment, sham treatment, or each other.
  • Two authors independently assessed study eligibility, bias, and extracted data; meta-analyses were performed where appropriate.

Main Results:

  • Six RCTs (475 participants) were included; four had a low risk of bias.
  • Outpatient vision therapy/orthoptics showed greater effectiveness than home-based exercises (pencil push-ups, computer therapy) for children.
  • Evidence for adults was less consistent; one trial suggested prism glasses improved symptoms more than placebo.

Conclusions:

  • Outpatient vision therapy/orthoptics is recommended for children with convergence insufficiency over home-based programs.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the most effective non-surgical interventions for adults.