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Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Operating and Biocontainment Procedures of a Facility for Laboratory Mice with a Natural Microbiome: Immunophenotyping Procedure

Operating and Biocontainment Procedures of a Facility for Laboratory Mice with a Natural Microbiome: Immunophenotyping Procedure

Published on: December 13, 2024

Ich bin ein Berliner*.

D J M Wright¹, B Maria

¹Microbiology, Charing Cross Hospital Plastic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, London, UK. d.j.wright@imperial.ac.uk

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

|March 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

British and German scientists

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Bacteriology

Background:

Early contributions of British colonial and German scientists to spirochaete research.
Historical context of spirochaete (spirochete) investigations.

Observation:

A significant lapse in research interest for nearly 75 years.
Recent resurgence of German microbiological focus on borreliae.

Findings:

Contrasting the historical roles of British and German scientists.
Highlighting the renewed German interest in borreliae research.

Implications:

Understanding the historical trajectory of spirochaete research.
Potential for new discoveries due to revived German interest in borreliae.