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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Progress in understanding reprogramming to the induced pluripotent state.

Kathrin Plath1, William E Lowry

  • 1David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA. kplath@mednet.ucla.edu

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|March 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription factors induce pluripotency for stem cell production. Further research into reprogramming mechanisms is crucial for enhancing induced pluripotent stem cell therapies and understanding cell identity.

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
09:34

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Transcription factor-mediated induction of pluripotency is a key method for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional and chromatin dynamics of reprogramming.
  • However, the complete mechanistic picture remains largely incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming to pluripotency.
  • To highlight current debates and challenges in the field of iPSC generation.
  • To provide insights for future research directions in reprogramming and cell identity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on transcription factor-mediated reprogramming.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and chromatin-based events during pluripotency induction.
  • Discussion of ongoing scientific debates and future research challenges.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming involves complex transcriptional and epigenetic modifications.
  • The precise mechanisms governing the efficiency and quality of reprogramming are still under investigation.
  • Understanding these processes is vital for therapeutic applications of iPSCs.

Conclusions:

  • Further elucidation of reprogramming mechanisms is essential for optimizing iPSC technology.
  • Insights gained will inform strategies for directed differentiation and lineage switching.
  • Continued research is needed to fully understand and harness the potential of induced pluripotency.