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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Behçet's Disease.

Gulsen Akman-Demir1, Sabahattin Saip, Aksel Siva

  • 1Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|March 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurologic involvement in Behçet

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Behçet's disease (BD) can affect the nervous system in 5-10% of patients, primarily as central nervous system (CNS) parenchymal involvement or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST).
  • In children, CVST is the more common presentation of neuro-BD (NBD), unlike adults where parenchymal involvement predominates.
  • Treatment for NBD lacks high-level evidence, relying on expert opinion and limited studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentations and treatment strategies for neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD).
  • To compare the prognosis of different NBD subtypes.
  • To discuss current therapeutic approaches based on available evidence and expert consensus.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and imaging data for neuro-Behçet's disease.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for parenchymal CNS involvement and CVST.
  • Synthesis of evidence from expert opinion and limited randomized controlled studies for systemic BD manifestations.

Main Results:

  • Parenchymal CNS involvement in BD typically affects the brainstem-diencephalic regions and has a poorer prognosis than CVST.
  • CVST in BD, while more common in children, generally has a better neurologic outcome compared to CVST from other causes.
  • High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) is recommended for acute parenchymal CNS involvement, followed by immunosuppressants like azathioprine for long-term maintenance.
  • CVST treatment involves steroids, with anticoagulation being controversial; azathioprine is recommended for long-term management to prevent recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Neuro-Behçet's disease presents differently in children versus adults.
  • Parenchymal CNS involvement requires aggressive immunosuppressive therapy, while CVST management is less definitive but benefits from long-term azathioprine.
  • Further evidence-based research is crucial for optimizing NBD treatment strategies.