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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides01:28

Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides

Pesticides often feature structurally complex chemical architectures, incorporating halogen groups and multiple aromatic rings. These characteristics confer high chemical stability, rendering many pesticides resistant to natural degradation processes. This resistance poses significant environmental concerns, as persistent pesticide residues can accumulate in ecosystems and affect non-target organisms.Despite the inherent stability of many pesticides, certain microorganisms possess the metabolic...
Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.

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Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency
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Issues with ozone attainment methodology for Houston, TX.

William Vizuete1, Harvey E Jeffries, T W Tesche

  • 1Department of Environmental Sceinces and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. airquality@unc.edu

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)
|March 22, 2011
PubMed
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Houston

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Published on: October 21, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Air Quality Modeling

Background:

  • Texas is developing a plan for Houston to meet the federal 8-hour ozone standard using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) attainment guidance.
  • Houston exhibits unique ozone conditions, including gradual and sharp hourly increases, which deviate from typical patterns.
  • Existing regulatory air quality models struggle to replicate Houston's observed ozone variability and spatial distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the appropriateness of EPA's attainment demonstration methodology for Houston's specific ozone characteristics.
  • To investigate the causes behind Houston's unique ozone formation, including episodic hydrocarbon emissions and specific wind conditions.
  • To determine if modifications to the attainment metrics can accurately reflect Houston's ozone compliance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of observed ozone concentration data, focusing on hourly variability and spatial gradients.
  • Comparison of observational data with predictions from a regulatory air quality model (AQM).
  • Evaluation of EPA's attainment guidance, including the impact of removing episodic hydrocarbon emissions from baseline simulations.
  • Filtering attainment metrics to exclude days with significant hourly ozone variability.

Main Results:

  • Houston's ozone violations are characterized by sharp, localized increases, often linked to specific wind patterns and Houston Ship Channel emissions.
  • The regulatory air quality model (AQM) fails to predict these sharp gradients, instead simulating broad areas of high ozone.
  • EPA attainment guidance, by excluding episodic emissions, may overlook critical factors contributing to ozone exceedances in Houston.
  • Filtering out days with high hourly ozone variability leads to the achievement of attainment for all monitors.

Conclusions:

  • Houston's ozone formation is influenced by at least two distinct mechanisms, one of which is not adequately addressed by current EPA methodology.
  • The EPA's standard attainment demonstration approach is insufficient for accurately assessing ozone compliance in Houston due to its unique atmospheric conditions.
  • Further research and potentially revised modeling approaches are needed to effectively manage ozone levels in Houston.