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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
06:07

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Published on: August 5, 2022

Hypomethylating agents for urologic cancers.

Ajjai S Alva1, Noah M Hahn, Ana M Aparicio

  • 1Baylor College of Medicine & Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Future Oncology (London, England)
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypomethylating agents like azacitidine and decitabine show promise for treating urologic cancers by reversing tumor suppressor gene silencing. Their favorable tolerability profile supports further investigation in this patient population.

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Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing
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Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing
08:38

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: February 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Promoter-region methylation silences tumor suppressor genes, a key epigenetic mechanism in cancer.
  • Azacitidine and decitabine, initially high-dose cytotoxic drugs, are now explored for low-dose hypomethylation therapy.
  • Renewed interest in hypomethylation therapy stems from recent benefits observed in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the mechanistic aspects of DNA methylation and its role in gene expression.
  • To review the evidence supporting hypomethylation as a therapeutic strategy in urologic cancers.
  • To discuss potential correlative studies for tailoring hypomethylating agent therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanistic aspects of DNA methylation.
  • Review of clinical evidence for hypomethylation in urologic cancers.
  • Discussion of correlative studies and therapeutic development.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that alters gene expression.
  • Hypomethylating agents offer a therapeutic option for urologic cancers.
  • Lower-dose hypomethylating agents demonstrate excellent tolerability in elderly patients with comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Hypomethylation represents a rational therapeutic approach for urologic cancers.
  • The tolerability of low-dose hypomethylating agents is advantageous for the typical urologic cancer patient profile.
  • Further research and tailored trial designs are warranted to overcome challenges related to cytostatic and delayed activity.