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Assessment of the Mouth

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...

Burn Injuries

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of binge-and-purge eating pattern. It generally involves an episode of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative use, or fasting, to prevent weight gain. Despite often maintaining a normal weight, individuals with bulimia are intensely preoccupied with their body image and harbor an overwhelming fear of gaining weight. This can contribute to the...

Other Disorders of Digestive System

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients

Examination of Oral Candida Infection in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients

Published on: March 1, 2024

Burning mouth syndrome.

John Ag Buchanan¹, Joanna M Zakrzewska

¹Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Institute, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|March 23, 2011

Summary

This systematic review examines treatments for burning mouth syndrome, a condition affecting postmenopausal women. It evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various interventions, including medications and therapies.

Area of Science:

Oral Medicine
Systematic Reviews
Evidence-Based Practice

Background:

Burning mouth syndrome predominantly affects postmenopausal women.
Prevalence in this demographic ranges from 18% to 33%.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of treatments for burning mouth syndrome.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various interventions.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature search of major databases up to November 2009.
Inclusion of 15 systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies.
GRADE evaluation of evidence quality for interventions.

Main Results:

The review synthesized evidence on multiple treatment modalities.

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Included interventions: local anesthetics, antidepressants, topical clonazepam, benzydamine hydrochloride, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dietary supplements, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Conclusions:

Information on the effectiveness and safety of listed interventions is presented.
The review provides a basis for clinical decision-making regarding burning mouth syndrome treatment.