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Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Electron Orbital Model

Electron Orbital Model

Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

[Orbital fractures in children].

L Guyot¹, N Lari, C Benso-Layoun

¹Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et plastique de la face, CHU Nord, chemin des Bourrely, 13015 Marseille, France. laurent.guyot@ap-hm.fr

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie

|March 23, 2011

Summary

Paediatric orbital fractures differ due to growing faces, with roof fractures common before age seven and floor fractures after. Periosteum involvement is key in trap-door fractures, impacting surgical decisions for pediatric orbital trauma.

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Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

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Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

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Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Pediatric Surgery
Craniofacial Surgery

Context:

Orbital fractures in children present unique challenges due to craniofacial growth.
Age-related anatomical differences influence fracture location: orbital roof (pre-seven years) vs. orbital floor (post-seven years).

Purpose:

To review current data on pediatric orbital fractures.
To highlight age-specific fracture patterns and diagnostic modalities.
To discuss surgical indications and the proposed role of periosteum in trap-door fractures.

Summary:

Diagnosis relies on computed tomography (CT) scans, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for soft-tissue detail.
Surgical intervention is infrequent, primarily indicated for trap-door fractures involving ocular muscles or compressive hematomas.
A hypothesis suggests periosteum elasticity contributes to the mechanism of trap-door fractures in pediatric orbital trauma.

Impact:

Informs clinical diagnosis and management strategies for pediatric orbital fractures.
Enhances understanding of the biomechanics of pediatric orbital fractures.
Provides insights into the surgical decision-making process for complex pediatric orbital injuries.