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Paramutation: a process for acquiring trans-generational regulatory states.

Karl F Erhard¹, Jay B Hollick

¹Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|March 23, 2011

Summary

Paramutations, which alter gene regulation and phenotype, involve trans-homolog interactions. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and chromatin changes are crucial for maintaining these heritable epigenetic states in maize.

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Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Molecular Biology
Plant Genetics

Background:

Paramutations challenge Mendelian inheritance by causing heritable changes in gene regulation and phenotype through trans-homolog interactions.
These phenomena, initially observed in plants, are now recognized across diverse eukaryotic organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying paramutation in maize.
To determine the role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis pathways in maintaining heritable regulatory states.

Main Methods:

Genetic and molecular analyses of paramutation in maize.
Examination of the involvement of siRNA pathways and chromatin modifications.

Main Results:

Components of the siRNA biogenesis pathway are essential for maintaining meiotically heritable regulatory states in maize.
Evidence suggests that siRNAs alone are insufficient to mediate paramutation, with transcription of associated repeats and siRNA-facilitated chromatin changes also playing key roles.

Conclusions:

Paramutation involves complex interactions beyond siRNAs alone.
Heritable epigenetic changes in paramutation are directed and maintained by transcriptional activity of repeats and siRNA-guided chromatin alterations.