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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

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Quantifying fluid infusions and tissue expansion in brain.

Martin Brady, Raghu Raghavan, Zhi-Jian Chen

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering

|March 23, 2011

Summary

Direct brain infusions bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for therapeutics. Our study shows interstitial expansion, not conductivity, drives fluid flow in white matter during infusions.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Radiology

Background:

Direct brain infusions are used clinically to deliver therapeutics past the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Understanding fluid dynamics in brain tissue is crucial for optimizing these delivery methods.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers quantitative insights into infusate distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate fluid and molecular transport in brain tissue during direct infusions.
To quantify the distribution of infusate and identify key determinants of fluid flow.
To elucidate the role of interstitial expansion in white matter tract preferred flow pathways.

Main Methods:

Infusion of a Gadodiamide (Omniscan) saline solution into porcine brains.

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Quantitative concentration measurements of contrast agents using MR imaging.

Analysis of MR data to assess infusate distribution and infusion-induced edema.

Main Results:

Preliminary quantification of interstitial volume fraction expansion in white matter regions during infusion-induced edema.
Evidence suggesting interstitial expansion, not anisotropic conductivity, dictates preferred flow pathways in white matter.
MR imaging enabled measurement of infusate distribution profiles.

Conclusions:

Interstitial expansion is a primary determinant of preferred fluid flow pathways in white matter during direct brain infusions.
Further studies are needed to explore the influence of cerebrospinal fluid and perivascular spaces.
Quantitative MR imaging provides valuable data for understanding brain tissue fluid dynamics.