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Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Sex-linked Disorders

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

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High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Mitochondrial Function in Human Spermatozoa

Published on: June 23, 2023

Human male infertility: a complex multifactorial phenotype.

Kiran Singh¹, Deepika Jaiswal

¹Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. skiran @bhu.ac.in

Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)

|March 23, 2011

Summary

Male infertility affects 10-15% of couples, often due to unclear causes. This review explores genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to spermatogenic defects and male infertility.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Human genetics
Male reproductive health

Background:

Infertility impacts 10-15% of couples globally.
Male factor infertility stems from multifactorial causes including environmental and genetic elements.
The precise mechanisms behind most spermatogenic defects remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the chromosomal, genetic, and epigenetic factors implicated in male infertility.
To highlight the role of genomics and proteomics in understanding male infertility.
To provide insights into the origins of spermatogenic defects.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on male infertility.
Analysis of genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with infertility.
Exploration of advancements in genomics and proteomics for male infertility research.

Main Results:

Identified plausible chromosomal abnormalities contributing to male infertility.
Highlighted various genetic mutations affecting spermatogenesis.
Discussed epigenetic modifications as potential causes of infertile phenotypes.

Conclusions:

Chromosomal, genetic, and epigenetic alterations are key contributors to male infertility.
Genomics and proteomics offer powerful tools for diagnosing and understanding male infertility.
Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying male infertility.