Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...

Caspases

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparative insights into the apoptosome, inflammasomes and PIDDosome.

Nature reviews. Immunology·2026

Same author

Caspase-3/7 deficiency results in enhanced intestinal inflammation and reduced tumorigenesis.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Beyond the innate immune system: rethinking inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis.

Trends in immunology·2025

Same author

Single-cell analysis reveals cell death as driver of NLRP3-mediated secretion of IL-1β in human monocytes.

Nature immunology·2025

Same author

Transcriptome analysis of unmedicated heterozygous familial Mediterranean fever patients reveals a type I interferon signature driving increasing Pyrin expression.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2025

Same author

Pyrin inflammasome-driven erosive arthritis caused by unprenylated RHO GTPase signaling.

EMBO molecular medicine·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Published on: May 21, 2018

HMGB1 release by inflammasomes.

Lieselotte Vande Walle¹, Thirumala-Dev Kanneganti, Mohamed Lamkanfi

¹Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

|March 23, 2011

Summary

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein now recognized as an extracellular danger signal. Inflammasomes critically mediate the release of HMGB1 from immune cells during inflammation and infection.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a conserved nuclear protein involved in DNA replication, repair, and gene transcription.
Emerging research highlights extracellular HMGB1's role as a danger signal regulating inflammatory and repair processes.
HMGB1 is released from damaged cells or secreted by activated immune cells during infection, injury, and sterile inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of inflammasomes in the extracellular release of High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1).

Main Methods:

Studies on immune cell activation and infection models.
Analysis of HMGB1 release mechanisms.
Investigation of inflammasome complex involvement.

More Related Videos

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Published on: April 6, 2022

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Published on: September 2, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Published on: May 21, 2018

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Published on: April 6, 2022

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Published on: September 2, 2014

Main Results:

Inflammasomes, which are caspase-1-activating protein complexes, play a crucial role in the extracellular release of HMGB1.
This release occurs from activated and infected immune cells.

Conclusions:

Inflammasomes are key mediators of extracellular HMGB1 release from immune cells.
Understanding this mechanism is vital for comprehending inflammatory and repair responses.
HMGB1's dual role, nuclear and extracellular, is increasingly recognized.