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Related Concept Videos

Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Related Experiment Videos

Hepatobiliary pathology.

Shari L Taylor1, Salima Haque

  • 1Caris Life Sciences, Irving, Texas 75039, USA. staylor@carisls.com

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights recent advances in liver and biliary tract histopathology, focusing on diagnostic immunohistochemical stains and key findings in conditions like posttransplant plasma cell hepatitis and pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary Pathology
  • Transplant Pathology
  • Pediatric Hepatology

Background:

  • Recent literature on liver and biliary tract histopathology is reviewed.
  • Key areas include posttransplant conditions, specific hepatocellular carcinoma variants, and autoimmune liver diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings in hepatobiliary pathology.
  • To highlight the utility of immunohistochemical stains in diagnosis.
  • To discuss the histopathology of specific liver diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific studies and publications.
  • Analysis of histopathologic features and clinical behavior.
  • Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining utility.

Main Results:

  • Plasma cell hepatitis in posttransplant settings was described.
  • Immunohistochemical markers (Cytokeratin 7, EMA, CD68, Arginase-1) aid in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma variants.
  • Metabolic syndrome is linked to severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children.
  • Histologic features differentiate IgG4-associated cholangitis from primary sclerosing cholangitis.
  • IgM and IgG stains help distinguish autoimmune liver diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune cholangitis.

Conclusions:

  • Recent studies offer valuable insights into hepatobiliary pathology.
  • Immunohistochemistry plays a crucial role in diagnosing various liver conditions.
  • Understanding specific disease entities like pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and posttransplant hepatitis is advancing.