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Related Concept Videos

Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication uses a large number of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

Oligonucleotide synthesis using the manual phosphotriester method.

D M O'Callaghan1, W J Donnelly

  • 1The Agricultural Institute, Fermoy, Ireland.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic DNA synthesis is crucial for recombinant DNA technology, enabling applications like gene editing and selection. Advances in solid-phase chemical synthesis and purification techniques allow for efficient production of long DNA strands.

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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Synthesis

Background:

  • Synthetic DNA plays a vital role in modern molecular biology techniques.
  • Its application spans DNA polymerization, site-directed mutagenesis, and gene selection.
  • Efficient solid-phase chemical synthesis methods have enabled its widespread use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the central role of synthetic DNA in recombinant DNA technology.
  • To explain the advancements in solid-phase chemical synthesis that facilitate DNA production.
  • To discuss the advantages of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis compared to peptide synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-phase chemical synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides.
  • Utilizing highly reactive mononucleotides and specialized coupling catalysts.
  • Leveraging chain-length-dependent purification techniques for oligonucleotides.

Main Results:

  • Achieved coupling efficiencies of at least 95% in oligonucleotide synthesis.
  • Enabled the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligonucleotides) longer than 50 bases.
  • Demonstrated minimized purification challenges due to chemical uniformity of deoxyribonucleotides.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-phase synthesis has revolutionized the production of synthetic DNA.
  • High coupling efficiencies and effective purification methods are key to synthesizing long DNA sequences.
  • Synthetic DNA is an indispensable tool in advancing recombinant DNA technology.