Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Spatial distribution of liver cancer incidence in shenqiu county, henan province, china: a spatial analysis.

Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES·2015

Same author

Gold nanoparticle and carbon dot coated SnO2 nanocomposite with high photo-electronic catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2015

Same author

Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations in human melanocortin-3 receptor gene.

International journal of biological sciences·2015

Same author

Improved Biofilm Antimicrobial Activity of Polyethylene Glycol Conjugated Tobramycin Compared to Tobramycin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2015

Same author

Preconditioning of model biocarriers by soluble pollutants: a QCM-D study.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2015

Same author

Influence of mother-daughter attachment on substance use: a longitudinal study of a Latina community-based sample.

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Immunologic aspects of multiple sclerosis.

Sridhar Boppana¹, Hui Huang, Kouichi Ito

¹Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York

|March 23, 2011

Summary

This review explores how immune cells and their products drive multiple sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system disease. It also examines how regulatory cells and therapies impact MS remission and progression.

More Related Videos

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: February 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Central Nervous System Disorders

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative central nervous system disease.
Demyelination and axonal loss are key pathological hallmarks of MS.
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to immune dysregulation in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the immunopathogenic role of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in MS onset and progression.
To examine the function of regulatory immune cells in achieving MS remission.
To analyze the mechanisms of action for approved and experimental MS therapies in relation to immunopathogenesis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of immunopathogenesis in multiple sclerosis.
Analysis of lymphocyte subsets and cytokine involvement.
Evaluation of regulatory immune cell functions.
Review of therapeutic mechanisms in MS.

Main Results:

Specific lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines are implicated in MS initiation and advancement.
Regulatory immune cells play a crucial role in MS remission.
Therapies target distinct pathways supporting the immunopathogenesis model of MS.

Conclusions:

Understanding the immune system's role is critical for managing multiple sclerosis.
Targeting specific immune mechanisms offers therapeutic potential for MS.
Regulatory immunity presents a key area for future MS treatment strategies.