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Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation
12:09

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation

Published on: August 10, 2022

Epigenetic programming: from gametes to blastocyst.

Barbara F Hales1, Lisanne Grenier, Claudia Lalancette

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Barbara.hales@mcgill.ca

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic marks like DNA methylation and histone modifications are crucial for cell memory during embryo development. This review examines these marks in gametes and their changes during early embryonic stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Embryo development involves critical cell fate decisions and lineage establishment.
  • Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are vital for maintaining cell memory.
  • Gametogenesis establishes distinctive chromatin patterns in spermatozoa and oocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of epigenetic marks in mature gametes.
  • To describe how these epigenetic marks change during early embryo development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on epigenetic marks in gametes and early embryos.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic programming in gametes creates unique chromatin structures.
  • Specific epigenetic marks are dynamically regulated during early embryonic development, influencing cell lineage.
  • Understanding normal epigenetic programming provides a foundation for studying developmental abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic marks are essential for cell memory and proper embryo development.
  • Changes in epigenetic marks during gametogenesis and early embryogenesis are critical.
  • Further research into epigenetic programming is crucial for understanding birth defects.