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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

[Measles vaccination].

Daniel Floret¹

¹Université Claude-Bernard-Lyon-1, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, 69500 Bron Cedex. daniel.floret@chu-lyon.fr

La Revue Du Praticien

|March 24, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

France is experiencing a measles outbreak due to lapsed immunization programs. Catch-up vaccination for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is crucial to achieve herd immunity and prevent further spread.

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Published on: November 28, 2018

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Public Health
Immunology

Context:

France has faced a measles outbreak since 2008, primarily affecting unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated adults.
A 30-year lapse in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization program is identified as the primary cause.
The outbreak is projected to continue until herd immunity is achieved through vaccination or natural infection.

Purpose:

To outline the objectives of the French Plan for elimination of measles and congenital rubella.
To emphasize the need for achieving high vaccination coverage rates (95% for the first dose, 80% for the second).
To highlight the importance of catch-up immunization and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Summary:

The study addresses a re-emerging measles outbreak in France affecting a significant adult population.
It attributes the outbreak to the non-application of the MMR vaccine program for three decades.
Achieving a 95% protection rate through vaccination is essential to interrupt measles transmission.

Impact:

The plan aims to reach at least 95% vaccination coverage for the first MMR dose and 80% for the second.
Strict adherence to immunization schedules (first dose at 12 months, second within the second year) is recommended.
Catch-up immunization for children, adolescents, and young adults up to 30 years old is critical, alongside post-exposure prophylactic measures.