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Related Concept Videos

Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Production of Antibiotics01:27

Production of Antibiotics

Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...
Prodrugs01:30

Prodrugs

Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active drug. Prodrugs are designed to improve the therapeutic properties of the parent drug, such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability, or reducing toxicity. The concept of prodrugs revolves around modifying the chemical structure of the original drug to make it more effective or convenient for administration.
Prodrugs help overcome...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

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Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics
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Published on: April 10, 2026

Manufacturing peptides as active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Aikaterini A Zompra1, Athanassios S Galanis, Oleg Werbitzky

  • 1Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Future Medicinal Chemistry
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pharmaceutical interest in peptide drugs is surging due to technological advancements. New peptide therapeutics offer effective treatments for various diseases, with many more in development.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Drug Development
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Over 40 peptide drugs are currently marketed, with over 100 in clinical trials.
  • Renewed pharmaceutical industry interest in peptide research driven by technological progress.
  • Advances in formulation and drug delivery have overcome previous large-scale manufacturing challenges for peptide drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the resurgence of peptide-based therapeutics in the pharmaceutical market.
  • To underscore the impact of technological innovation on peptide drug development and manufacturing.
  • To emphasize the potential of next-generation peptide drugs for treating serious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent technological advancements in peptide synthesis and manufacturing.
  • Analysis of market trends and clinical pipeline of peptide drugs.
  • Evaluation of the properties and benefits of peptide-based agents.

Main Results:

  • Eight new peptide drugs, previously considered difficult to manufacture, have entered the market since 2000.
  • Modern manufacturing techniques have been successfully applied to produce these new peptide drugs.
  • Peptide drugs continue to demonstrate high biological activity, specificity, and low toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Technological progress has revitalized the development and manufacturing of peptide drugs.
  • The inherent advantages of peptides, coupled with innovation, are driving pharmaceutical companies' focus on peptide agents.
  • Future peptide therapeutics hold significant promise for treating a range of serious medical conditions.