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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Authentic HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

Chenzhong Liao1, Christophe Marchand, Terrence R Burke

  • 1Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

Future Medicinal Chemistry
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers patented HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, focusing on selective strand transfer inhibitors. Development aims to overcome drug resistance for effective anti-HIV therapies.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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10:20

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Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • HIV-1 integrase (IN) is crucial for viral replication and a key target for anti-AIDS drug development.
  • Numerous HIV-1 IN inhibitors have been identified, but few exhibit significant antiviral activity.
  • Development of IN inhibition-based therapeutics has spanned two decades.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review patented HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
  • To highlight compounds with high selectivity for the strand transfer reaction.
  • To discuss the development of novel inhibitors to overcome viral resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patented HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
  • Analysis of compound structures, focusing on the polar coplanar moiety.
  • Examination of resistance mechanisms associated with IN mutations.

Main Results:

  • Identified patented HIV-1 IN inhibitors, particularly those selective for strand transfer.
  • Highlighted the structural characteristics (polar coplanar moiety) assumed to chelate magnesium ions.
  • Acknowledged the emergence of resistance due to IN mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Authentic IN inhibitors, like raltegravir, have reached the market.
  • Future research focuses on developing novel IN inhibitors to combat viral resistance.
  • Continued efforts are needed to create effective treatments against HIV-1.