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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles01:30

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Laboratory Maintenance of the Lower Dipteran Fly Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila: A New/Old Emerging Model Organism
04:26

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Published on: April 19, 2024

Acrocyanosis: the Flying Dutchman.

Andrew K Kurklinsky1, Virginia M Miller, Thom W Rooke

  • 1Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 99505, USA. kurklinsky.andrew@mayo.edu

Vascular Medicine (London, England)
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Acrocyanosis causes blue skin discoloration in extremities, worsening with cold. This review summarizes current knowledge on its demographics, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment, highlighting its poorly understood nature.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Science
  • Dermatology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Acrocyanosis presents as symmetric, painless blue discoloration of extremities, exacerbated by cold.
  • It is often associated with hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) of the hands and feet.
  • Despite being described over a century ago, acrocyanosis remains poorly understood and shares clinical features with other peripheral skin color changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct an extensive literature review on acrocyanosis.
  • To summarize current knowledge regarding the demographics, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of acrocyanosis.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive literature review of existing studies on acrocyanosis.

Main Results:

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  • Acrocyanosis is characterized by persistent, symmetric blue skin discoloration, aggravated by cold exposure.
  • Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with varied pathological mechanisms suggesting it may not be a single entity.
  • The review compiles information on patient demographics, underlying pathologies, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options.

    • Conclusions:

    • Acrocyanosis is a complex condition with diverse underlying mechanisms.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiology and optimize diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
    • Understanding acrocyanosis is crucial for differentiating it from other conditions causing peripheral cyanosis.