Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Peptide Hydrogel Enhances Adipocyte Viability and Reduces Inflammatory Response in Fat Grafting: A Preclinical Study.

Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum·2026
Same author

The impact of assisted reproductive technology on the neonatal prognosis of newborns < 29 weeks gestational age: a retrospective case-control study.

Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction·2026
Same author

Barriers students with epilepsy and their caregivers face regarding school participation and seizure management within school.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same author

Agreement Across 10 Artificial Intelligence Models in Assessing Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Expression in Breast Cancer Whole-Slide Images.

Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc·2026
Same author

Electric field intensity modulates keratocyte migration without altering turning dynamics.

The European physical journal. E, Soft matter·2025
Same author

Analytical treatment interruption as a tool in the evaluation of immune-mediated interventions for long-term antiretroviral-free control of HIV-1 among people with HIV.

Contemporary clinical trials·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-&#947; ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Alternative immunological markers to document successful multiple smallpox revaccinations.

Itay Wiser1, Nadav Orr, Zehava Smetana

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv, Israel. wiser125@gmail.com

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Clinical assessment of smallpox revaccination ("take") is unreliable. Vaccinia-specific immune markers, including interferon-gamma, indicate successful revaccination even without a clinical response, simplifying mass immunization efforts.

More Related Videos

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
11:17

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Published on: August 11, 2018

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector
08:10

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-&#947; ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
11:17

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Published on: August 11, 2018

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector
08:10

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Smallpox vaccination success is traditionally based on clinical
  • take,
  • but only 60% of subjects showed this response in a 2002 campaign.
  • More sensitive immunological markers are needed to confirm successful revaccination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare vaccinia-specific immune markers in individuals who did and did not develop a clinical
  • take
  • after smallpox revaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Matched cohort study comparing subjects with and without clinical
  • "take"
  • following smallpox revaccination.
  • Vaccinia immunity markers were measured pre-vaccination, 14 days post-vaccination, and 2 years post-vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Individuals without a clinical
  • "take"
  • initially had higher levels of IgG, IgG1, and neutralizing antibodies (PRNT50).
  • Post-revaccination, both groups showed increased immune markers, with the
  • "no-take"
  • group exhibiting higher interferon-gamma secretion and PRNT50 levels at 2 years.
  • Immune marker levels in the
  • "no-take"
  • group were not inferior to the
  • "take"
  • group at 24 months.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of individuals without a clinical
  • "take"
  • were successfully revaccinated against smallpox, as evidenced by immune markers.
  • Routine assessment of revaccination success is unnecessary for individuals with prior smallpox vaccinations during mass immunization events.