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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases
14:57

Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases

Published on: October 10, 2020

Glutathione transferases: a structural perspective.

Aaron Oakley1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. aarono@uow.edu.au

Drug Metabolism Reviews
|March 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are vital detoxifying enzymes. This review explores their diverse functions and the structural insights gained from cytosolic, mitochondrial, and MAPEG families.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are crucial detoxifying enzymes.
  • GSTs catalyze the conjugation of electrophilic compounds with glutathione (GSH).
  • GSTs also participate in various other cellular processes like biosynthesis and degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major insights into the structure and function of GSTs.
  • To discuss the expanding knowledge of GST activities beyond classic conjugation.
  • To highlight structural data across different GST families.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of GST research.
  • Analysis of structural data from cytosolic, mitochondrial, and MAPEG GST families.
  • Synthesis of functional and structural information.

Main Results:

  • GSTs exhibit a wide range of catalytic and non-catalytic functions.
  • Significant structural data has accumulated since 1991 for all GST families.
  • Understanding of GST diversity has greatly expanded.

Conclusions:

  • GSTs are a versatile enzyme family with critical roles in detoxification and metabolism.
  • Structural studies have been instrumental in understanding GST diversity and function.
  • Continued research promises further insights into these important enzymes.