Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 3, 2026
Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions
Published on: June 5, 2019
Multivariable analysis of heart rate recovery after cycle ergometry in heart failure: exercise in heart failure
Melissa Jehn1, Martin Halle, Tibor Schuster
1Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. melissa.jehn@unibas.ch
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between impairment in heart rate recovery (HR(rec)) after cycle ergometry and prognostic markers in patients with heart failure (HF) compared with healthy controls.
Methods:
Fifty patients with chronic HF (systolic HF, N = 30; diastolic HF, N = 20; mean age = 62 ± 12 years) and 50 healthy controls (N = 50; mean age = 66 ± 13 years) underwent 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography followed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Independent predictors of HR(rec) at 1 and 2 minutes after exercise were analyzed by univariable and multivariable regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristics were performed to obtain area under the curve.
Results:
In HF, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (millimeters), left ventricular ejection fraction (%), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (picograms/milliliter), peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak [milliliters/kilogram/min]), and peak heart rate (HR(peak)) showed a significant association with HR(rec) (beats/min) in univariate regression analyses (P < .001), but only VO(2)peak remained independently predictive of both HR(rec)1 (P = .034) and HR(rec)2 (P = .008) in the multivariable regression analyses. In controls, VO(2)peak (P = .035) and HR(peak) (P = .032) were significantly associated with HR(rec)2 in univariate analyses only. Optimal cutoff values for discriminating HF versus non-HF based on HR(rec) were 17.5 beats/min (sensitivity 92%; specificity 74%) for HR(rec)1 and 31.5 beats/min (sensitivity 94%; specificity 86%) for HR(rec)2. Optimal cutoff values for discriminating systolic HF versus diastolic HF were 12.5 beats/min (sensitivity 78%; specificity 80%) for HR(rec)1 and 24.5 beats/min (sensitivity 82%; specificity 90%) for HR(rec)2.
Conclusion:
Impairment in after exercise HR(rec) is significantly and independently associated with VO2peak in HF and thus might constitute a useful tool for assessing the degree of functional status during exercise rehabilitation.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
01:25Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
01:29Electrocardiogram
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
01:29Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology
01:19Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
01:30Factors Influencing Heart Rate
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...