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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups


Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
10:23

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Covalent bulk functionalization of graphene.

Jan M Englert1, Christoph Dotzer, Guang Yang

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.

Nature Chemistry
|March 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new wet chemical method to functionalize graphene directly from graphite. This process avoids oxidative damage, enhances solubility, and prevents reaggregation, paving the way for advanced graphene applications.

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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene is a promising silicon alternative for electronics due to its unique 2D structure.
  • Challenges include opening a bandgap and improving processability of insoluble graphene.
  • Existing functionalization methods often rely on graphene oxide, involving oxidative damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel wet chemical functionalization route for pristine graphene.
  • To address the bandgap and processability issues without initial oxidation.
  • To enable wider applications of graphene in micro- and nanoelectronics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pristine graphite as the starting material.
  • Employed a reductive activation strategy for graphene.
  • Covalently functionalized graphene using organic diazonium salts.

Main Results:

  • Achieved bulk functionalization of graphene without oxidative damage to basal planes.
  • Spectroscopic methods confirmed successful functionalization.
  • The functionalized graphene exhibited enhanced solubility in organic solvents and prevented reaggregation.

Conclusions:

  • This method offers a new pathway for processing graphene.
  • It overcomes key limitations hindering graphene's application in electronics.
  • The functionalization strategy is scalable and preserves graphene's intrinsic properties.