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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Coenzyme A in Cells and Tissues
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Published on: September 27, 2019

Bis-coenzyme q(0) : synthesis, characteristics, and application.

Xiuwen Wang1, Wei Ma, Yilun Ying

  • 1Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|March 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A novel methylene-bridged bis-coenzyme Q(0) (Bis-CoQ(0)) was synthesized, revealing intramolecular electronic communication. Its reduced intermediates were characterized, and the impact of water on its electron-transfer process and antioxidant capacity was investigated.

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Published on: April 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

  • Coenzyme Q(0) is vital for cellular respiration and antioxidant defense.
  • Understanding the electronic communication in bis-coenzyme Q structures is crucial for developing new antioxidants and redox-active molecules.
  • Previous studies have not explored methylene-bridged bis-coenzyme Q(0) derivatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel methylene-bridged bis-coenzyme Q(0) (Bis-CoQ(0)) with intramolecular electronic communication.
  • To investigate the electrochemical behavior and reduced intermediates of Bis-CoQ(0) using spectroelectrochemical techniques.
  • To explore the influence of water on the electron-transfer process and assess the antioxidant defense capacity of Bis-CoQ(0).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of methylene-bridged bis-coenzyme Q(0) (Bis-CoQ(0)).
  • Electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry.
  • In situ UV/Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroelectrochemistry.
  • Variable temperature cyclic voltammetry.

Main Results:

  • The first synthesis of Bis-CoQ(0) with intramolecular electronic communication was achieved.
  • Unstable reduced intermediates (monoradicals, dianions, tetraanions) of Bis-CoQ(0) were observed and characterized.
  • A three-step, four-electron reduction process was identified in acetonitrile solution.
  • Hydrogen-bonding interactions with water were shown to influence electron-transfer steps and potentially block electronic communication.
  • Bis-CoQ(0) demonstrated antioxidant defense capacity in protected cells.

Conclusions:

  • Bis-CoQ(0) exhibits unique electrochemical properties due to intramolecular electronic communication.
  • Water plays a significant role in modulating the redox behavior of Bis-CoQ(0) through hydrogen bonding.
  • The findings suggest potential applications of Bis-CoQ(0) in redox-active systems and as an antioxidant agent.