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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Thyroid hormone patterns in elderly patients undergoing elective coronary procedures.

W Nammas1, M Mostafa, I Sabry

  • 1Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt. wnammas@hotmail.com

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
|March 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction is common in elderly patients undergoing heart procedures. However, thyroid hormone levels did not correlate with the severity of coronary artery disease in this patient group.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in older adults.
  • Elderly patients undergoing coronary procedures represent a specific population for studying thyroid health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate thyroid hormone patterns in elderly patients undergoing elective coronary procedures.
  • To determine if thyroid hormone levels correlate with the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • 81 elderly patients undergoing elective coronary procedures were analyzed.
  • Assays included free thyroxine, free tri-iodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroid antibodies.
  • Patients were categorized by the number of diseased coronary arteries: insignificant, single-vessel, and multi-vessel disease.

Main Results:

  • 50.6% of patients were euthyroid; 17.3% had hypothyroidism (subclinical or clinical).
  • 6.2% had hyperthyroidism (subclinical or clinical); 25.9% had sick euthyroid syndrome.
  • No statistically significant differences in thyroid dysfunction or antibody levels were found across CAD severity groups.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone disturbances, particularly hypothyroidism, are frequent in elderly patients undergoing coronary procedures.
  • The extent of coronary artery disease in the elderly does not appear to be related to their thyroid hormone patterns.