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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...

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SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse?

Irmgard Tegeder1, Reynir Scheving, Ilka Wittig

  • 1Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Haus 74; 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. tegeder@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Pharmacological Reviews
|March 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) can both increase and decrease pain signaling. This review explores how NO directly modifies proteins via S-nitrosylation, impacting pain pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is traditionally viewed as a pain enhancer.
  • Emerging evidence highlights NO's complex, dual role in nociception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated S-nitrosylation in nociceptive signaling.
  • To elucidate how S-nitrosylation of diverse proteins modulates pain perception.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nitric oxide and S-nitrosylation.
  • Analysis of identified protein targets and their functional consequences.

Main Results:

  • Nitric oxide directly S-nitrosylates numerous proteins, including ion channels and receptors.
  • S-nitrosylation alters ion channel gating, membrane dynamics, and protein degradation pathways.
  • These modifications can either enhance or inhibit nociceptive signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Nitric oxide's role in pain is multifaceted, involving direct protein modification via S-nitrosylation.
  • S-nitrosylation represents a key regulatory mechanism in nociceptive signaling with therapeutic potential.