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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

The bonding electron density in aluminum.

Philip N H Nakashima¹, Andrew E Smith, Joanne Etheridge

¹ARC Centre of Excellence for Design in Light Metals, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia. philip.nakashima@eng.monash.edu.au

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|March 26, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating aluminum

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Area of Science:

Solid-state physics
Materials science
Quantum chemistry

Background:

Aluminum is often modeled as an ideal free electron gas.
Determining electron redistribution in aluminum's chemical bonding is challenging.
Experimental and theoretical results for electron distribution have differed.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally determine the bonding electron distribution in aluminum.
To correlate electron distribution with aluminum's elastic properties.

Main Methods:

Quantitative convergent-beam electron diffraction (qCBED).
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

Experimental electron distribution closely matches DFT calculations.
Established an accurate quantitative correlation between elastic properties and electron/electrostatic potential distributions.

Conclusions:

The study provides a precise experimental measurement of electron distribution in aluminum.
The findings link electronic structure to macroscopic elastic behavior.