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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among casino dealers
Chandran Achutan1, Christine West, Charles Mueller
1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. cachutan@unmc.edu
Objective:
This study quantified casino dealers' occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
Methods:
We measured casino dealers' exposure to ETS components by analyzing full-shift air and preshift and postshift urine samples.
Results:
Casino dealers were exposed to nicotine, 4-vinyl pyridine, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, solanesol, and respirable suspended particulates. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine increased significantly during an 8-hour work shift both with and without adjustment for creatinine clearance. Creatinine-unadjusted cotinine significantly increased during the 8-hour shift, but creatinine-adjusted cotinine did not increase significantly.
Conclusions:
Casino dealers at the three casinos were exposed to airborne ETS components and absorbed an ETS-specific component into their bodies, as demonstrated by detectable levels of urinary NNAL. The casinos should ban smoking on their premises and offer employee smoking cessation programs.
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