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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster
10:29

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Published on: March 16, 2020

Autophagy, and BiP level decrease are early key events in retrograde degeneration of motoneurons.

C Penas1, M Font-Nieves, J Forés

  • 1Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|March 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Axonal injury triggers autophagy in spinal motoneurons (MNs). However, only degenerating MNs activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), with BiP downregulation indicating a poor prognosis for neuronal survival.

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Published on: December 23, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Spinal motoneuron (MN) axonal injury can lead to degeneration or regeneration.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network spans the neuron, potentially sensing axonal damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if axonal injury is detected by the ER.
  • To determine if ER-activated protective mechanisms like unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy are triggered by axonal injury.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing spinal motoneurons after axonal injury (spinal root avulsion or distal nerve section).
  • Assessing the activation of autophagy markers (beclin1, LC3II, Lamp-1).
  • Evaluating UPR activation markers (IRE1α, spliced Xbp1, ATF4, BiP).

Main Results:

  • Autophagy markers accumulated in both degenerating and non-degenerating MNs.
  • UPR activation (IRE1α, Xbp1, ATF4) and subsequent BiP downregulation were observed exclusively in degenerating MNs.
  • BiP decrease correlated with cytoskeletal and organelle disorganization.

Conclusions:

  • BiP downregulation serves as a marker for motoneuron degeneration after axonal injury.
  • Overexpressing BiP enhanced motoneuron survival following root avulsion.
  • Bcl2 plays a role in the survival pathway mediated by BiP.